And his servants bare rule, each one in his place. the Torah. It aims at bringing out even more strongly the religious lessons of the time, and the story is written more like a sermon than a history. [20], During the Crusades, Pope Urban II and other church leaders used 1 Maccabees 2 to justify the concept of holy war against the Muslim kingdoms controlling the holy city of Jerusalem. 1 Maccabees describes the response of one family to these events. 16:2 And Simon called his two eldest sons, Judas and John, and said to them: I and my brethren, and my father's house, have fought against the enemies of Israel from our youth even to this day: and things have prospered so well in our hands that we have delivered . The rededication of the Jerusalem Temple described in 4:3659 (see 2Mc 10:18) is the origin of the Jewish feast of Hanukkah. Reading time: Around 4 hours for both books or 2 hours for one. 2 He fought many battles, conquered strongholds, and put to death the kings of the earth. 1.12.70 The rise of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and subsequent crisis3.19.22 The leadership of Judas Maccabeus in the revolt against the Greeks9.2312.53 The leadership of Jonathan (Judas brother)13.116.24 The leadership and subsequent assignation of Simon (also a brother of Judas), 1.12.32 Letters from Jews in Jerusalem to those in Egypt3.16.31 The conquest of Jerusalem by Antiochus IV Epiphanes7.1-42 The torture and murder of seven brothers and their mother8.19.29 The victory of Judas Maccabeus over the Greeks10.1-38 The purification of the Temple11.115.39 Ongoing conflict and the eventual victory of Judas. VERSE 28. 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeated[ a] King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. According to the first book of Maccabees, one of the Hellenistic kings defiled the temple, forbade circumcision, and even set up altars to his gods. The works main religious theme is that the martyrs sufferings vicariously expiated the sins of the entire Jewish people. Did you read anything in the book that touched you, expanded your faith or made you think more deeply about your life and how you live it. In those days rose up Mattathias the son of John, the son of Simeon, a priest of the sons of Joarib, from Jerusalem; and he lived at Modin. [13] The word "Maccabees" in plural, however, does not appear to have been used until centuries after the Maccabean Revolt. [35] Simon fortifies Jerusalem (1 Maccabees 13:10) and secures the reoccupation of Joppa (1 Maccabees 13:11), leading the people in peace and prosperity until he is murdered by agents of Ptolemy, son of Abubus, who had been named governor of the region by the Macedonian Greeks. in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. 15:11). A supporter of the Hasmonean dynasty. The name Maccabee probably means "hammer" and was the nickname given in the book to the first leader of the revolt, Judas, third son of Mattathias. And they did all put diadems upon themselves after that he was dead, and so did their sons after them many years: and they multiplied evils in the earth. The book of 1 Maccabees clearly favors the revolution against the Seleucid and the Hasmonean dynasty. 2:4), the third son of Mattathias, the hero of the war of Jewish independence against Syria. 63 Today they will be exalted, but tomorrow they will not be found, because they will have returned to the dust, and their plans will have perished. British and Foreign Bible Society operates in England, Wales, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.We also work with a network of local Bible Societies around the world. The rabbinical sages of this period had learned from experience that revolt against the Gentiles (in this case the Romans) brought disaster. (He had previously become king of Greece.) ; and the Seleucids, who took over large parts of the Middle East and moved into Palestine in 200 B.C. 20 And now we have . Rabbinic Judaism generally disapproved of the rule of the Hasmonean dynasty, but the book is openly pro-Hasmonean, one of several factors for a lack of enthusiasm for the book within later Judaism. [40] Jews who complain about Judas's activities "bring to the king an accusation against the people". Instead, we have an early, pre-Christian, Greek translation full of Hebrew idioms. Look out for the similarities and differences between the two. 1 and 2 Maccabees reflect on this question in slightly different ways. While Judas is eventually killed in battle, the Maccabees eventually achieve autonomy and then independence for Judea under the leadership of the Hasmonean family. It was probably written sometime in the second century bc, in other words very shortly after the events it described. for the second, on the basis of the information given in the first letter they refer to (2 Mace. [47] No angels or miracles come to save the Jews; rather, it is the divinely-approved firm leadership of the Hasmoneans that leads to victory.[9]. That said, the author is still proud of forging alliances with others, citing negotiations with the Roman Republic and Sparta. It has traditionally been considered highly trustworthy, although it is to some extent the "official" version of history according to the Hasmoneans and from the Maccabean point of view. When war broke out between these two brothers the Romans intervened, took Jerusalem and brought the monarchy to an end. It tells how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress the practice of basic Jewish law, resulting in the Maccabean Revolt. Maccabees does not mention the involvement of the mercenaries who are mentioned in other accounts, whereas other accounts do not mention the Jewish involvement. In the first chapter, Alexander the Great conquers vast territories and sets up a great empire, in which the territory of Judea is included. Antiochus forbids both circumcision and possession of Jewish scriptures on pain of death. By the end of the war, Simon was the only one of the five sons of Mattathias to survive and he ushered in an 80-year period of Jewish . In Chapter 2, there is a line from a dying Mattathias who tells his sons to always listen to Simon and that "he shall be your father", seemingly praising him even over Judas. The kingdom began to decline under Ptolemy IV Philopator, who was a bad administrator and led a dissolute life. And after two full years the king sent a chief collector of tribute to the cities of Judah, and he came to Jerusalem with a great multitude. And there came great mourning upon Israel, in every place where they were; the beauty of the women was changed. Antipathy toward the Seleucid-friendly Hellenizing Jews is unsurprising, as they were enemies in war, but 1 Maccabees extends criticism to internal Jewish opponents of the Hasmoneans as well. And the saying was good in their eyes. Finally, after Matthathias dies, his son Judas succeeds in liberating the Temple precincts and reconsecrating the Temple itself in 165 B.C.E. Pope Damasus I's Council of Rome in 382, if the Gelasian Decree is correctly associated with it, issued a biblical canon identical with the list given at Trent including the two books of Maccabees. It later became a title given to the rebels as a whole around the 3rd-5th century AD, hence the Septuagint naming the works as books of the Maccabees. [44] That said, our knowledge of the Sadducees is scant, so it is difficult to know for sure. She, having offered God the lives of her sons, then offers herself in sacrifice, giving an example of fortitude and also of that faith in which she had reared her children. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. were recognized by the Fathers as inspired, there is an interim stage where souls are purified. There is one complete loss of a thousand Jews (men, women, and children) to Antiochus when the Jewish defenders refuse to fight on the Sabbath. His severest condemnation goes, not to the Seleucid politicians, but to the lawless apostates among his own people, adversaries of Judas and his brothers, who are models of faith and loyalty. Jonathan is eventually captured by the Seleucid Greek ruler Diodotus Tryphon. [28] Verses 2332 record an agreement between Rome and the nation of the Jews, whereby each party would act as a willing ally of the other and refuse to supply their enemies in time of war, specific warning being given to Demetrius I Soter that this pact would be activated against him if requested by the Jews. Buy Also Available At: . If the consequences are good, they say is OK to do anything that is necessary. Probably written about 100 B.C.E., the book was included as scripture in the Greek Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible and later included in Christian scripture until the Protestant Reformation, when the apocrypha of the Old Testament were generally rejected by Protestants. And they got possession of the strong cities in the land of Egypt; and he took the spoils of Egypt. Alternatively, Maccabee also might have been derived from the battle cry of the revolt, Mi Kamocha B'elim, YHWH ("Who is like you among the heavenly powers, YHWH!! He then calls forth the people to holy war against the Gentiles and their Jewish collaborators. It runs from the end of the reign of Seleucus IV, the predecessor of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, up to the defeat of Nicanor, shortly before the death of Judas Maccabeusthat is, a period of fifteen years (176-161), which are covered in chapters 1-7 of the first book. It tells how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress the practice of basic Jewish religious law, resulting in the Hasmonean revolt against Seleucid rule. Its vocabulary and style indicate a Greek original. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. 2 He had five sons: John, who was called Gaddi; 3 Simon, who the king sent letters. When Mattathias died (c. 166 bc), his son Judas Maccabaeus recaptured Jerusalem and reconsecrated the temple, an event celebrated in the holiday Hanukkah. Jonathan's capture in 143 BC, having been double-crossed by Diodotus Tryphon, is recorded in 1 Maccabees 12:48. The second book is not a sequel to 1 Maccabees; it partially covers the same history (176 - 160 b.c.). In an effort to enforce unity, he attempts to suppress the public observance of Jewish religious laws. The sacred writers purpose is to build up the morale of the Jews. The Maccabees formed the Hasmonean dynasty. The Second Book of the Maccabees. The Ptolemy kingdom was founded by Ptolemy I, the son of a Macedonian nobleman. his heart was lifted up. Christian tradition venerates these seven brothers as martyrs, and churches were dedicated to them in Antioch, Rome, Lyons, and Vienne. First Maccabees or 1 Maccabees is most famous as the source of the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. Despite this, the book is not included as canon in the Tanakh. Though initially hailed as liberators, the Selucid family wasted no time in leaving their mark upon Judea. According to her glory, so was her dishonor multiplied, and her high estate was turned into mourning. 2:4), the third son of Mattathias, the hero of the war of Jewish independence against Syria. 1 Maccabees A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. VERSE 5. Antiochus was determined to impose hellenic religion and civilization in Palestine as elsewhere, and naturally this was anathema to the Jews, who at this time were quite faithful to the Covenant with Yahweh. [44] Notably, the author makes no reference to the idea of a bodily resurrection, which the Sadducees opposed. Updates? That is, each nation should abandon its religious customs. And he fought many battles, and won many strongholds, and killed the kings of the earth. The people, in turn, must worship the Lord alone and observe exactly the precepts of the law given to them. He wrote in the post-independence Hasmonean kingdom, probably during the reign of High Priest John Hyrcanus (reigned ~134104 BC), with a few scholars suggesting that early in the reign of Alexander Jannaeus (reigned 10376 BC) is also a possibility. Unless otherwise noted, all Bible quotations on this page are from the World English Bible and the World Messianic Edition. 2 Maccabees falls more into theological history, in other words the attempt to reflect on Gods role in the events described. All this shows that these inspired books are well worth prayerful reading, particularly the second, which provides us with many edifying examples especially the humility which leads its protagonists to trust in God, their fortitude in defending their faith, their patience in dealing with obstacles to observance of the Law, and their deep piety, as shown in their prayer for their dead comrades. He and his three sons begin a military campaign against them, the vicissitudes of which are described in detail. The doctrine expressed in the book is the customary belief of Israel, without the new developments which appear in 2Maccabees and Daniel. Antiochus then tries to suppress public observance of Jewish laws, in an attempt to secure control over the Jews. Experts date the original Hebrew text sometime in the late second century B.C.E. Several theories have emerged regarding the exclusion of 1 from the Jewish biblical canon. 1 Maccabees,[note 1] also known as the First Book of Maccabees, First Maccabees, and abbreviated as 1 Macc., is a deuterocanonical book which details the history of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire as well as the founding and earliest history of the independent Hasmonean kingdom. VERSE 60. Purpose of The Book of 1 Maccabees: The purpose in writing 1 Maccabees Book is to record the deliverance of Israel that God worked through the family of Mattathias (5:62) - especially through his three sons, Judas, Jonathan, and Simon, and his grandson, John Hyrcanus. And the women that had circumcised their children they put to death according to the commandment. VERSE 59. by Daniel R. Schwartz. Simon is succeeded by his son, John, referred to by Josephus as John Hyrcanus. Many observant Jews flee from the capital, but others readily accept Antiochus' policies. (He had previously become king of Greece.) Hellenization included the construction of gymnasia in Jerusalem. Updates? perhaps even Sadducean, tendency interpenetrates the entire work" (Fischer, 4:441) and the "author of 1 Maccabees identifies unreservedly with the rebels and their leaders." (Efron, 47; Sievers, 2). Mattathias's son Judas Maccabeus (Judah Maccabee) takes over the revolt and the rebels as a group are called the Maccabees; the book chronicles in detail the successes and setbacks of the rebellion. The author, probably a Palestinian Jew, is unknown. Matthew 24:15. [62], The book was never included in the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh and is not canonical in Judaism. The author propagates "Hasmonean propaganda" in the sense of upholding the righteousness of the Hasmoneans and their just claim to rule the Hasmonean kingdom. VERSE 33. [23] Various historical documents are included as well, notably of negotiations and letters with the Roman Republic and Hellenistic Sparta. George Leo Haydock. The book is held as canonical scripture today in the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox churches (except for the Orthodox Tewahedo). This caused the Maccabean revolt, led by Mattathias and his sons. It gives detailed accounts of the Maccabean revolt led by Judas Maccabeus, as well as the martyrdoms of Eleazar and seven brothers. VERSE 35. The book 2 Maccabees, preserved right next to 1 Maccabees in the Septuagint, provides a striking contrast in theology, and the works are often compared. Some Jews went along with the changes. Finally, there is the issue of its revolutionary character. Here are 8 handy tips to get your book club up and running. He relented after angels intervened on behalf of the Jews. VERSE 7. 1:10 And there came out of them a wicked root Antiochus surnamed Epiphanes, son of Antiochus the In the middle of the week he will cause the sacrifice and the offering to cease. Among other effects, this discouraged the Jewish rite of circumcision even further, which had already been officially forbidden; a man's state could not be concealed in the gymnasium, where men trained and socialized in the nude. Simon follows Jonathan as the next Jewish leader "in place of Judas and your brother Jonathan",[34] taking on civil, military and liturgical roles: "great high priest, governor, and leader of the Jews". These translations have no copyright restrictions. And they built the city of David with a great and strong wall, with strong towers, and it became to them a citadel. In the book itself, "Maccabee" is used solely as a personal title for Judah Maccabee (Latinized as Judas Maccabeus). [20], The Jerusalem Bible divides the book into five sections:[24], The setting of the book is about a century and a half after the conquest of Judea by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, after Alexander's empire had been divided so that Judea had become part of the Greek Seleucid Empire. The Writer gives his final summary. And they tore in pieces the books of the law which they found, and set them on fire. VERSE 2. Even in stories set during the Maccabean period, references to Judas by name were explicitly removed to avoid hero-worship of the Hasmonean line. Maccabees , (fl. Talk about how this story might have inspired the Jews of Jesus day in the light of their oppression by the Romans. It possibly was written during the reign of the Roman emperor Caligula (3741 ce). (He had previously become king of Greece.) [19], The book was probably originally written in Hebrew. One of the most notable and unusual aspects of the book of 1 Maccabees by absence is the lack of any direct mention of God. Sign up for our short, weekly email about how we're inviting people to discover the Bible. 2 He undertook many campaigns, gained possession of many fortresses, and put the local kings to death. And they stored up arms and food, and gathering together the spoils of Jerusalem, they laid them up there, and they became a sore snare: VERSE 36. and it became a place to lie in wait in against the sanctuary, and an evil adversary to Israel continually. And on the five and twentieth day of the month they sacrificed upon the idol altar of God. VERSE 21. and entered presumptuously into the sanctuary, and took the golden altar, and the candlestick of the light, and all that pertained thereto. The big question from this period is the question of self-definition. As noted above, if ancient manuscripts of the hypothesized original Hebrew version existed, they have been lost. 1 Maccabees 10, Haydock's Catholic Bible Commentary, One of over 125 Bible commentaries freely available, this commentary was originally compiled by priest and biblical scholar Rev. It promotes commitment to Gods covenant as the path to prosperity, and the doctrine of the resurrection of the body. The king will require Jews to reject their Covenant with the One God. "Exodus ch. 2 He fought many battles, conquered strongholds, and slaughtered the kings of the earth. More wars involving Judas and his brothers Simon and Jonathan are reported in chapters 5, 6 and 7. Chapter 2. 1 Maccabees is best known for its account of the recapture of Jerusalem in the year 164 BC and rededication of the Second Temple: the origin behind the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. Eusebius, in his book Church History, quotes Origen of Alexandria who says the original title of the work was Sarbth Sarbanael,[note 3] an enigmatic Greek transliteration from a putative Hebrew original title. 1 and 2 Maccabees tell the same story in two different ways. The Hasmoneans were not an obvious choice to be rulers; they did not descend from the priestly line of Zadok that had taken the office of High Priest for generations at the point of the Maccabean Revolt. Proverbs 16:18. Friend and confederate. That is, his heart became proud and arrogant (NAB translation). [64], The Roman Catholic Lectionary makes use of texts from 1 Maccabees 1 to 6, along with texts from 2 Maccabees 6 and 7, in the weekday readings for the 33rd week in Ordinary Time, in year 1 of the two-year cycle of readings, always in November, and as one of the options available for readings for the dedication of an altar and as one of the suggested readings at a Mass celebrated to honour persecuted Christians.[65]. 1 Samuel. Read more . Finally, he desecrates the Temple by setting up an "abomination of desolation" there, apparently either a pagan idol or a bust of himself. 64 My children, be courageous and grow strong in the law, for by it you will gain honour. View all posts by todd. After a short introduction the book describes the Jewish uprising against Antiochus, whose persecution led to the desecration of the Temple. And he had five sons, John, who was surnamed Gaddis; VERSE 3. The history of the Maccabee family given in these books ends with the death of Simon and the succession of his son, John Hyrcanus. 12:1-23). VERSE 31. What did it mean to be Jewish in a predominantly Greek culture? VERSE 46. and pollute the sanctuary and those who were holy; VERSE 47. that they should build altars, and temples, and shrines for idols, and should sacrifice swines flesh and unclean beasts: VERSE 48. and that they should leave their sons uncircumcised, that they should make their souls abominable with all manner of uncleanness and profanation; VERSE 49. so that they might forget the law, and change all the ordinances. [This chapter is in Orthodox and Catholic Bibles] Alexander the Great. 3 He advanced to the ends of the earth, gathering plunder from many . Chapter 2 1 1 In those days Mattathias, son of John, son of Simeon, a priest of the family of Joarib, left Jerusalem and settled in Modein. 3 So he advanced to the ends of the earth . Snow Crash Summary. Traditionally the name has come to be extended to the brothers of Judas, his supporters, and even to other Jewish heroes of the period, such as the seven brothers (2Mc 7). He bans the observance of the sabbath and the offering of sacrifices at the Temple. VERSE 16. 4:59). 13-16). That is, men of Israel came forth. The book covers the whole of the revolt, from 175 to 134 BC, highlighting how the salvation of the Jewish people in this crisis came through Mattathias' family, particularly his sons, Judas Maccabeus, Jonathan Apphus, and Simon Thassi, and Simon's son, John Hyrcanus. [32] Ultimately the relationship between Jonathan and Demetrius breaks down: Maccabees' opinion is that Demetrius "broke his word about all that he had promised; he became estranged from Jonathan and did not repay the favors that Jonathan had done him, but treated him very harshly". Idea of a bodily resurrection, which the Sadducees opposed OK to do anything that is his... 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